First we prove Pythagorus' theorem for right-angle
triangles. For side lengths \(a\) and \(b\) and hypotenuse
\(c\), the fact that \(a^2 + b^2 = c^2\) can be seen
graphically below, where the gray area is the same before
and after the triangles are rotated in the animation:
Pythagorus' theorem immediately gives us vector lengths
in 2D. To find the length of a vector in 3D we can use
Pythagorus' theorem twice, as shown below. This gives
the two right-triangle calculations: