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    Levels of Transport

    Transport in biomedical context occurs at the sub-cellular, cellular, transcellular, tissue/organ, whole body, populations levels. Some examples include thermoregulation, metabolism, bioheat transfer, blood as oxygen carrier, membrane transport, and liquid diffusion in tissue.

    Thermoregulation

    Thermoregulation is a homeostatic process that allows animals to maintain constant core temperature by balancing heat gain and loss in response to environmental changes. We can use heat transfer to understand how these processes occur.

    Fun Fact!

    Callout Card

    Elephants cannot sweat. Instead, their ears act as extended fins and to drive their thermoregulation process. Extended fins increase the rate of heat transfer due to the large surface area. Elephant’s blood flow also adapts as a response to external temperature.

    Clinical and Biomedical Applications

    Understanding transport at these levels can help with the design and analysis of a wide range of clinical and bioengineering applications, such as:

    • cryopreservation
    • laser ablation of tumors
    • drug dosing and delivery
    • dialysis machines
    • artificial organs
    • gene delivery
    • cryosurgery